ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of the application of filter cake, via soil and in association with mineral fertilization, on sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.) and the chemical properties of the soil. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme with six replicates, totaling 36 experimental units. Three sunflower cultivars (Sany 66, Nusol 4140, and Nusol 4170) and two fertilization strategies (mineral fertilization with and without filter cake) were used. Resorting to the filter cake increased the oil concentration in Sany 66. Mineral fertilization did not significantly affect achene production, with mean values being 2561.58 kg ha-1. However, including filter cake resulted in a 21% increase in phosphorus (P) content in the 0-0.20 m soil layer in sunflower crops of the Nusol 4140 variety. Therefore, fertilization with filter cake, in combination with chemical fertilizers or alone, can be an effective strategy to increase soil P content and oil concentration in sunflower cultivation.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da aplicação de torta de filtro, via solo e em associação com a fertilização mineral, em cultivares de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) e nas propriedades químicas do solo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 × 2, com seis repetições, totalizando 36 unidades experimentais. Foram utilizadas três cultivares de girassol (Sany 66, Nusol 4140 e Nusol 4170) e duas estratégias de fertilização (fertilização mineral com e sem torta de filtro). O uso da torta de filtro aumentou a concentração de óleo na cultivar Sany 66. A fertilização mineral não afetou a produção de aquênios, sendo obtido valores médios de 2561,58 kg ha-1. No entanto, a inclusão da torta de filtro resultou em um aumento de 21% no teor de fósforo (P) na camada de solo de 0-0,20 m em cultivos de girassol da variedade Nusol 4140. Portanto, a fertilização com torta de filtro, em combinação com fertilizantes químicos ou isoladamente, pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para aumentar o teor de P no solo e a concentração de óleo no cultivo de girassol.

Abstract Micro and small companies have very simple administrative and operational structures. Based on this premise, it is expected that their practices related to strategic cost management will be similar to each other, regardless of the sectors of economic activity of which they are part. The objective of this article is to investigate cost management practices among micro and small companies that operate in the commercial, industrial and service sectors in search of evidence of mimetic isomorphism. To carry out this research, ninety micro or small companies were analyzed. Four groups of variables were analyzed: managers' experience, marketing aspects, organizational aspects and technical aspects of strategic cost management. Data were collected from conducting a survey. Two statistical techniques were used: Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. The obtained results present significant statistical evidences about similarities concerning the practices related to cost management, indicating the presence of mimetic isomorphism between them. JEL: M41

Resumo Micro e pequenas empresas possuem estruturas administrativas e operacionais bem simples. A partir dessa premissa, se espera que suas práticas referentes à gestão estratégica de custos se assemelhem entre si, independentemente dos setores de atividade econômica dos quais façam parte. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar práticas de gestão de custos entre micro e pequenas empresas que atuam nos setores comercial, industrial e de prestação de serviços em busca de evidências de isomorfismo mimético. Para a realização desta pesquisa, foram analisadas noventa empresas de micro ou pequeno porte. Quatro grupos de variáveis foram analisados: experiência dos gestores, aspectos mercadológicos, aspectos organizacionais e aspectos técnicos da gestão estratégica de custos. Os dados foram coletados a partir da realização de um survey. Duas técnicas estatísticas foram utilizadas: teste de Kruskal-Wallis e teste U de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados obtidos apresentam evidências estatísticas significativas sobre semelhanças acerca das práticas referentes à gestão de custos indicando a presença de isomorfismo mimético entre elas. JEL: M41

Resumen Las micro y pequeñas empresas tienen estructuras administrativas y operativas muy simples. Con base en esta premisa, se espera que sus prácticas relacionadas con la gestión estratégica de costos sean similares entre sí, independientemente de los sectores de actividad económica de los que formen parte. El objetivo de este artículo es investigar prácticas de gestión de costos entre micro y pequeñas empresas que operan en los sectores comercial, industrial y de servicios en busca de evidencias de isomorfismo mimético. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación se analizaron noventa micro o pequeñas empresas. Se analizaron cuatro grupos de variables: experiencia de los gerentes, aspectos de marketing, aspectos organizacionales y aspectos técnicos de la gestión estratégica de costos. Los datos fueron recolectados a partir de la realización de una encuesta. Se utilizaron dos técnicas estadísticas: prueba de Kruskal-Wallis y prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Los resultados obtenidos presentan evidencias estadísticas significativas sobre similitudes en las prácticas relacionadas con la gestión de costos, indicando la presencia de isomorfismo mimético entre ellas. JEL: M41

Résumé Les PME ont des structures administratives et opérationnelles très simples. Partant de ce postulat, on s'attend à ce que leurs pratiques liées à la gestion stratégique des coûts soient similaires les unes aux autres, peu importe les secteurs d'activité économique auxquels elles appartiennent. L'objectif de cet article est d'étudier les pratiques de gestion des coûts parmi les PME qui opèrent dans les secteurs commercial, industriel et des services à la recherche de preuves d'isomorphisme mimétique. Pour mener à bien cette recherche, quatre-vingt-dix PME ont été analysées. Quatre groupes de variables ont été analysés: l'expérience des managers, les aspects marketing, les aspects organisationnels et les aspects techniques de la gestion stratégique des coûts. Les données ont été recueillies à la suite d'une enquête. Deux techniques statistiques ont été utilisées: le test de Kruskal-Wallis et le test U de Mann-Whitney. Les résultats obtenus présentent des preuves statistiques significatives de similitudes dans les pratiques liées à la gestion des coûts, indiquant la présence d'un isomorphisme mimétique entre elles. JEL: M41

ABSTRACT Agricultural practices promote alterations in the physical properties of the soil, causing changes in its bulk density, porosity, distribution of pore diameter and water retention, which influences the availability to the plants. Precision agriculture acts as a tool that assists in soil management, favoring agricultural yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the spatial variability of the physical attributes of a Spodosol on sugarcane yield. Soil sampling and crop yield evaluations were performed at 90 randomly chosen points in the experimental area. Disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected in the soil layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m to analyze the attributes: particle size, bulk density, field capacity, total porosity, macroporosity and microporosity. The highest sugarcane yields were observed in regions with more aerated soil, with lower bulk density and higher total porosity, and with greater water retention capacity in the 0.00-0.20 m layer. It was not possible to detect spatial dependence for the granulometric fractions of the soil with the sampling scheme used, except for the clay in the 0.20-0.40 m layer. The spherical model was the one that best fitted to the set of data of the studied variables.

RESUMO As práticas agrícolas promovem alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo, ocasionando modificações na sua densidade, porosidade, na distribuição do diâmetro dos poros e na retenção de água pelo solo que influencia na disponibilidade às plantas. A agricultura de precisão atua como uma ferramenta que auxilia no manejo do solo favorecendo a produtividade agrícola. Dentro desta lógica, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos de um Espodossolo na produtividade da cultura de cana-de-açúcar. As amostragens do solo e da produtividade da cultura foram realizadas em 90 pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente na área experimental. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas e não deformadas nas camadas de solo de 0,00-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m, a fim de analisar os atributos: textura, densidade do solo, umidade na capacidade de campo, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade. As maiores produtividades de cana-de-açúcar foram observadas em regiões com solo mais aerado, com menor densidade do solo e maior porosidade total, e com maior capacidade de retenção de água na camada de 0,00-0,20 m. Não foi possível detectar dependência espacial para as frações granulométricas do solo com o esquema de amostragem utilizado, exceto para a argila na camada de 0,20-0,40 m. O modelo esférico foi o que melhor se ajustou ao conjunto dos dados das variáveis estudadas.

Abstract Background: Ecosystems are in constant transformation by ecological and anthropic processes. The use of satellite images through remote sensing helps to understand and study the dynamics and space-time changes of the vegetation. Question: What are the dynamics of mangrove cover in the municipality of Alvarado, Veracruz, Mexico using a long time series? Data description: All available Landsat images. Study site and dates: The municipality of Alvarado, Veracruz from 1985 to 2021. Methods: We compute and create NDVI composites for all Landsat satellite images at 30 m spatial resolution. We identify patterns in mangrove dynamics based on the annual trajectory of NDVI using a long time series. Results: The annual average of the mangrove NDVI in the municipality of Alvarado increased linearly during the study period. 50 % of the mangrove cover of the study area (118 km2) is made up of areas where the mangrove cover has not been disturbed since the beginning of the period studied, accumulating between 25 and 36 years without change. The areas with the highest biomass represent only 0.2 % of the mangrove cover in the municipality. We identified areas with excellent quality mangrove cover, and priority conservation sites. Conclusions: The municipality of Alvarado requires urgent plans and actions to create conservation initiatives. In addition, the areas with a higher quality of mangroves that remain in the municipality should be protected due to their importance for the conservation of biodiversity and because they are threatened by urban and agricultural expansion.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los manglares están en constante transformación por procesos ecológicos y antrópicos. El uso de imágenes de satélite a través de la teledetección ayuda a entender y estudiar la dinámica y los cambios espacio temporales de los manglares. Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la dinámica de la cobertura del manglar en el municipio de Alvarado usando una serie de tiempo larga? Descripción de datos: Todas las imágenes disponibles de Landsat. Sitio y años de estudio: El municipio de Alvarado, Veracruz desde el año 1985 hasta el año 2021. Métodos: Calculamos y estimamos el NDVI para todas las imágenes satelitales Landsat a una resolución espacial de 30 m. Identificamos los patrones en la dinámica del manglar con base en la trayectoria anual usando una serie de tiempo larga. Resultados: El promedio anual del NDVI del manglar incrementó linealmente durante el periodo de estudio. El 50 % de la cobertura del manglar (118 km2) está conformada por áreas sin perturbación desde el inicio del periodo estudiado, acumulando entre 25 y 36 años sin cambio. Las áreas con mayor biomasa representan el 0.2 % de la cobertura del manglar en el municipio. Identificamos áreas con buena calidad en la cobertura del manglar los cuales son sitios prioritarios para la conservación. Conclusiones: El municipio de Alvarado requiere urgentemente planes y acciones para conservar las zonas con mayor calidad de manglar que aún persisten. Estas zonas deberían protegerse por su importancia para la conservación de la biodiversidad y porque están amenazadas por la expansión urbana y agrícola.

Abstract NBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997) defines the simplified characterization, where there is the use of mathematical relationships between the properties of strength and stiffness. Due to the great influence of porosity and apparent density on wood properties and the search for increasingly accurate mathematical models, this work aimed to generate regression models for the estimation of static bending properties (strength " f M " and modulus " E M "), hardness parallel to the grain " f H,0 " and normal to the grain " f H,90 " and toughness "W" of Brazilian tropical woods from the porosity values, obtained through the analysis mercury instruction porosimetry, apparent density and based on both properties in multivariate regression models. All regression models presented coefficients of determination "R 2 " greater than 50%, where f M , f H,90 and W were best estimated by density apparent, E M and f H,0 were better estimated considering apparent density and porosity.

Resumo ANBR 7190 (ABNT, 1997) define a caracterização simplificada, onde há o uso de relações matemáticas entre as propriedades de resistência e rigidez. Devido à grande influência da porosidade e da densidade aparente nas propriedades das madeiras e à busca por modelos matemáticos cada vez mais precisos, este trabalho teve como objetivo’ gerar modelos de regressão para a estimativa das propriedades de flexão estática (resistência “f M ” e módulo “E M ”), resistência à dureza paralela “f H,0 ” e normal às fibras “f H,90 ”, e resistência à tenacidade “W” de madeiras tropicais brasileiras a partir dos valores de porosidade, obtidos por meio da análise de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio, da densidade aparente e com base em ambas as propriedades em modelos de regressão multivariáveis. Todos os modelos de regressão apresentaram coeficientes de determinação “R2” superiores a 50%. A f M , a f H,90 e a W foram melhor estimadas pela densidade aparente, enquanto o E M e a f H,0 foram melhor estimados considerando a densidade aparente e a porosidade.

Abstract Drag crisis has been described as a drop in the drag coefficient (Cd). This procedure was lately assessed in able-bodied cyclists in time trial position by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the phenomenon of the drag crisis by computer fluid dynamics in transradial and transtibial amputee cyclists in the upright position. A male elite-level cyclist was recruited for this research. The subject was scanned (3D geometry with a 3D Scan) with his competition bicycle, helmet, suit, and shoes. Consequently, transradial and transtibial 3D models were created editing the able-bodied 3D model. To perform the CFD analyses, a domain measuring 7 x 2.5 x 2.5 m (length, width and height, respectively) was created around each bicycle-cyclist model. The domains were meshed with more than 42 million elements. Numerical simulations by CFD were performed in fluent numerical for speeds between 1 m/s and 13 m/s, with increments of 1 m/s. The total Cd decreased with speed. It ranged from 0.84 to 0.55 in the able-bodied, 0.86 to 0.64 in the transradial and 0.90 to 0.61 in the transtibial. The drag crisis phenomenon was observed between 1m/s and 4m/s in all models.

ABSTRACT The insertion of the tree component in coffee production is a strategy from an economic and environmental perspective. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the temporal influence on the agronomic and productive performance of the coffee crop under the interference of different tree species as a function of spacing. The experiment was set in the municipality of Santo Antônio de Amparo-MG, in 2012, and conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments were: cultivar ‘Catuai Vermelho IAC 99’ in monoculture (3.40 m x 0.65 m) and intercropped with African mahogany, teak and pink cedar, in two spacings (9 x 13.6 m and 18 x 13.6 m), in coffee rows. Three coffee rows were fixed between rows, totaling 13.6 m. The following variables were evaluated: height (m), stem diameter (cm), crown diameter (m), productivity (bags ha-1) and yield (l/sc) for coffee. From the evaluations, there is a significant effect of height, productivity and yield for the coffee crop. The system intercropped with tree species did not influence coffee productivity and yield until the 3rd harvest and, for the 5th harvest, intercropping with mahogany favored productivity, although the accumulated productivity did not show any treatment effect.

RESUMO O café é uma das principais commodities do agronegócio mundial e de grande relevância econômica e social para o Brasil. A falta de mão de obra e seu alto custo são fatores que preocupam os cafeicultores, principalmente na colheita do café conilon, feita manualmente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de uma colhedora automotriz em diferentes condições de ajuste da máquina e condução da lavoura de café conilon e medir sua influência no custo de colheita comparada a colheita manual. Foram avaliados os fatores velocidade de colheita (800 a 1600 m h-1), rotação do cilindro vibrador de varetas (1,0 e 1,5 RPM), número de ramos ortotrópicos (um, dois e três) e plantas com e sem os ramos plagiotrópicos no terço inferior. O aumento da velocidade de colheita reduziu as eficiências de derriça e de colheita e a desfolha. O aumento de um para três ramos ortotrópicos por planta aumentou as eficiências de colheita e de derriça, a perda de chão e a desfolha e reduziu a carga pendente. O manejo sem os ramos plagiotrópicos apresentou maior eficiência de colheita, menor perda de chão e menor desfolha. As velocidades de colheita de 800 a 1600 m h-1 reduziram os custos totais e unitários em até 62% em relação à colheita manual. O aumento da eficiência de colheita acima de 70% reduziu os custos de colheita em até 79% em relação à colheita manual.

ABSTRACT Coffee is one of the main commodities of global agribusiness and of outstanding economic and social relevance for Brazil. The lack of labor and its high cost are factors that worry coffee producers, mainly during the conilon coffee harvesting, which is performed manually. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a self-propelled harvester under different conditions of machine adjustment and conduction of the Coffea canephora crop and measure its influence on the cost of harvesting compared to manual harvesting. Harvesting speed (800 to 1600 m h-1), rotation of the vibrating rod cylinder (1.0 and 1.5 RPM), number of orthotropic branches (one, two, and three), and plants with and without plagiotropic branches in the lower third were assessed. The increase in harvesting speed reduced the efficiencies of stripping and harvesting and defoliation. Increasing from one to three orthotropic branches per plant increased harvesting and stripping efficiencies, fruit loss on the ground, defoliation, and reduced pending load. The management without plagiotropic branches showed higher harvesting efficiency, lower loss on the ground, and lower defoliation. Harvesting speeds from 800 to 1600 m h-1 reduced the total and unit costs up to 62% compared to manual harvesting. Increasing harvesting efficiency above 70% has reduced harvesting costs by up to 79% compared to manual harvesting.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar (fenotipicamente e genotipicamente) duas cepas de Brucella abortus identificadas como pertencentes ao biovar 4 isolada de bovinos no Brasil. As cepas foram isoladas de bursite cervical de bovinos dos estados do Pará e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente. Na identificação fenotípica, os isolados foram positivos na exigência de CO2, produziram H2S, foram resistentes à fucsina básica (20 µg / mL) e sensíveis à tionina (20 µg / mL e 40 µg / mL) e apresentaram antígeno de superfície M, mas o antígeno de superfície A foi ausente. Os isolados foram positivos na PCR para o gene bcsp31 (gênero específico) e na PCR - AMOS, ambos os isolados apresentaram perfil de banda consistente com B. abortus biovar 1, 2 ou 4. Além disso, ambos os isolados também apresentaram padrões de restrição idêntica à cepa de referência quando testada pelo omp2b PCR-RFLP. Na genotipagem usando Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) - MLVA (MLVA16), os isolados apresentaram diferenças em vários loci (Bruce42, Bruce19, Bruce04, Bruce16 e Bruce30); no Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), os isolados também exibiram diferenças na sequência tipo (ST), amostra 16/02 ST1 (2-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-1) e amostra 128/11 ST (22-1-1-8-9-3-1-1-1). A extensa tipagem de cepas de B. abortus isoladas de bovinos no Brasil por diferentes abordagens confirmou a rara ocorrência de B. abortus biovar 4 no país.

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to characterize (phenotypically and genotypically) two strains of Brucella abortus identified as belonging to biovar 4 isolated from cattle in Brazil. The strains were isolated from cervical bursitis from cattle in the states of Pará and Rio Grande do Sul, respectively. In the phenotypic identification, the isolates were positive in CO2 requirement, produced H2S, were resistant to basic fuchsin (20 µg / mL) and sensitive to thionin (20 µg / mL and 40 µg / mL) and presented M surface antigen, but A surface antigen is absent. The isolates were positive in the PCR for the bcsp31 gene (genus-specific) and in the AMOS-enhanced PCR, both isolates showed a band profile consistent with B. abortus biovar 1, 2 or 4. Moreover, both isolates also showed restriction patterns identical to the reference strain when tested by the omp2b PCR-RFLP. In genotyping using Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Analysis - MLVA (MLVA16), the isolates showed differences in several loci (Bruce42, Bruce19, Bruce04, Bruce16 and Bruce30); by Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), they also exhibited differences in sequence type (ST), strain 16/02 ST1 (2-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-1) and strain 128/11 ST (22-1-1 -8-9-3-1-1-1). The extensive typing of B. abortus strains isolated from cattle in Brazil using different approaches confirmed the occurrence of rare B. abortus biovar 4 in the country.

RESUMO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar se os índices obtidos com Canopeo e GreenSeeker (NDVI) em Megathyrsus maximum são capazes de estimar altura de plantas, massa de matéria seca, componentes morfológicos e teor de proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro em diferentes dias de crescimento. Cinco parcelas de 5 × 25 m de capim M.maximum foram definidas: sub parcelas de 1 × 1 m foram avaliadas a cada três dias, nas quais a pastagem apresenta 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 e 30 dias de rebrota. A sub parcela foi avaliada quanto à altura do dossel e acúmulo de massa. O índice do Canopeo (IC) obtido em maior altura foi menor do que o obtido em menor altura. A maior altura de medição aumentou o NDVI em relação a 0,10 m. Os maiores índices foram observados desde 18 dias de rebrota. Exceto para o IC avaliado a 0,10 m de altura, os índices não foram correlacionados com a composição química da forragem. IC e NDVI correlacionaram-se positivamente com a altura da planta, massa de MS e índice foliar, e negativamente com o índice de colmos. Assim, menores alturas de avaliação para IC e NDVI podem ser um bom preditor da altura da forragem. Valores de 0,83 e 85,8 para NDVI e IC, respectivamente, indicam um momento adequado para o início do pastejo de Megathyrsus maximum.

ABSTRACT: This study determined whether Canopeo and GreenSeeker measurements in Megathyrsus maximus can estimate plant height, dry matter mass, morphological components, and content of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber at different days of growth. Five plots of 5 × 25m M. maximus grass were defined: subplots of 1×1m were evaluated every three days, in which the pasture shows 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, and 30 days of regrowth. The subplot was evaluated for canopy height and mass accumulation. The canopeo index (CI) obtained at a higher height was lower than those obtained at a smaller height. Higher measurement height increased the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) relative to 0.10 m. The highest indexes were observed since 18 d of regrowth. Except for the CI evaluated at 0.10 m of height, the indexes were not correlated to the chemical composition of the forage. The CI and NDVI were positively correlated to plant height, dry matter mass, and leaf index, whereas both were negatively correlated with stalk index. Thus, lower evaluation heights for CI and NDVI can be a good predictor of forage height. Values of 0.83 and 85.8 for NDVI and CI, respectively, indicated an appropriate time to start the grazing of M. maximus.

ABSTRACT Constant changes during the seed maturation process affect its final quality and the post-harvest fruit resting, which can improve seed physiological quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and enzymatic activities of eggplant seeds extracted from fruits harvested at different ages and resting periods after harvest. Fruits were harvested presenting different colors at 40, 50, 60, and 70 days after anthesis (DAA) and rested for 0 (freshly harvested fruits), 10, and 20 days. The experimental design was set as completely randomized, with four replications and evaluated seeds extracted from six fruits per plot. The resting periods in eggplant fruits harvested at less than 60 DAA improved the mass of 1000 seeds, germination, vigor, and protein content. Seeds with higher germination and vigor presented lower dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX) enzymatic activity. The results indicated that the ideal moment of eggplant harvest for seed production is when the fruit reaches the yellowish-brown color corresponding to about 60 DAA; however, if the eggplant fruit is harvested earlier (40 or 50 DAA), it has to rest for about 10 to 20 days to achieve high physiological quality (germination and vigor).

RESUMO Mudanças constantes durante o processo de maturação das sementes afetam sua qualidade final, assim como o repouso pós colheita dos frutos pode melhorar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e a atividade enzimática de sementes de berinjela provenientes de frutos com diferentes idades e períodos de repouso após a colheita. Os frutos foram colhidos apresentando cores diferentes aos 40, 50, 60 e 70 dias após a antese (DAA) e mantidos em repouso por 0 (frutos recém-colhidos), 10 e 20 dias. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições e foram avaliadas as sementes extraídas de seis frutos por parcela. O repouso dos frutos de berinjela colhidos com menos de 60 DAA possibilitou maiores massas de 1000 sementes, germinação, vigor e teor de proteínas das sementes. As sementes com maior germinação e vigor apresentaram baixa atividade enzimática da superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e peroxidase (POX). Os resultados indicaram que o momento ideal da colheita é quando o fruto atinge a cor amarelada-marrom correspondente a cerca de 60 DAA; no entanto, se o fruto de berinjela for colhido precocemente (40 a 50 DAA), ele tem que permanecer em repouso por cerca de 10 a 20 dias para as sementes alcançarem alta qualidade fisiológica (germinação e vigor).

ABSTRACT The most common feature of geopolymer cements is that they contain a relatively small amount of iron oxides. This is due to the fact that several scientists suspect the harmful action of some Fe++ ferrous compounds in the development of the geopolymeric reaction. For some researchers, Fe can interfere negatively in the geopolymerization process of the material, while, in some new studies, the role of Fe has revealed interesting results for geopolymers. In order to verify the mechanical resistance achieved by the geopolymer obtained from the bauxite washing waste, which has a high iron content in its composition, the present research intends to use 100% of this calcined raw material as a precursor, and reagents such as NaOH and Na2SiO3 as activators in the process. All materials were characterized in terms of their physical and mineralogical properties, in order to enable the correct dosage of materials. With the geopolymers obtained, the compressive strength was evaluated, varying the concentration of NaOH in 8 M and 10 M for different curing times (7 and 28 days). X-ray diffraction analysis (DRX), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), granulometric analysis and mechanical resistance tests. Even with approximately 25% of iron, the geopolymers presented a mechanical behavior compatible with assigned functions and similar to the norms established for Portland cement, with a maximum resistance of 25.85 MPa.

RESUMO A característica mais comum dos cimentos geopoliméricos é que eles contêm uma quantidade relativamente pequena de óxidos de ferro. Isso se deve ao fato de que vários cientistas desconfiam da ação nociva de alguns compostos ferrosos no desenvolvimento da reação geopolimérica. Para alguns pesquisadores o Fe pode interferir negativamente no processo de geopolimerização do material, enquanto que, em alguns novos estudos o papel do Fe tem revelado resultados interessantes. No intuito de verificar a resistência mecânica alcançada pelo geopolímero obtido a partir do rejeito da lavagem da bauxita, que possui em sua composição alto teor de ferro, a presente pesquisa pretende utilizar 100% dessa matéria-prima calcinada como precursor, e reagentes como o NaOH e Na2SiO3 como ativadores no processo. Todos os materiais foram caracterizados perante suas propriedades físicas e mineralógicas, a fim de possibilitar a correta dosagem dos materiais. Com os geopolímeros obtidos, avaliou-se a resistência a compressão, variando a concentração de NaOH em 8 M e 10 M para diferentes tempos de cura (7 e 28 dias). Análise de difração de raios X (DRX), Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), análise granulométrica e testes de resistência mecânica. Mesmo com aproximadamente 25% de ferro, os geopolímeros apresentaram comportamento mecânico compatível com funções atribuídas e similares a normativa estabelecida para o cimento Portland, com resistência máxima de 25,85 MPa.

ABSTRACT This work aims at evaluating and discriminating crambe genotypes regarding tolerance to water deficit by means of morpho-agronomic and physiological traits. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse under a randomized complete block design with four blocks, in a 2 x 8 factorial scheme, being two environments (with and without stress) and eight genotypes (FMS CR 1101, FMS CR 1106, FMS CR 1203, FMS CR 1305, FMS CR 1307, FMS CR 1312 and FMS CR 1326 and cultivar FMS Brilhante). The genotypes were evaluated according to physiological and morpho-agronomic traits. The significance of the mean squares was tested by the F test (P < 0.05) and the genetic parameters were estimated as ratio b between the genetic (CVg) and experimental (CVe) coefficients of variation, broad-sense heritability at genotypic mean level ( h ^ m 2), intraclass correlation (r) and selective accuracy (Ac). In general, water deficit did not cause severe physiological limitations to the plants. Plant height (PH), total dry mass (TDM) and grain yield (GY) were the traits that stood out for presenting the highest estimates of ratio b, h ^ m 2), CVg and r, revealing the possibility of genetic gains with the selection. Nevertheless, after evaluating the performance of genotypes in terms of physiological and morpho-agronomic traits, it was concluded that cultivar FMS Brilhante and inbred lines FMS CR 1326 and FMS CR 1106 had the most favorable traits for the selection, therefore, presenting potential for water deficit tolerance.

Abstract In Compost-Bedded Pack Barn (CBP) systems, air velocity is linked with the thermal comfort of housed dairy cattle and bedding quality and, therefore, assessing ventilation efficiency is essential. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate and characterize dependence and spatial distribution of air velocity at the 1.5 m height (vair,M) and at bedding level (vair,B) in an open CBP system with positive pressure ventilation. The study was conducted in 2021, in a facility located in the Zona da Mata region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The facility area was divided into a mesh composed of 55 equidistant points, where vair,M and vair,B data were collected in the morning (09:00 a.m.) and afternoon (03:00 p.m.) periods, during three weeks in Brazilian winter. Geostatistics techniques were used to assess dependence and spatial distribution. In both periods evaluated, there were a strong occurrence of spatial dependence and non-uniform vair,M and vair,B distributions. The vair,M and vair,B values were lower than recommended (1.8 m∙s–1) in more than 65.0% of the area. Adequate ventilation levels were observed only in the first 20.0 m of the facility, from Southeast to Northwest, because of the fan lines present.

ABSTRACT Soil compaction negatively impacts soil physical functions, affecting root growth and crop yield. This study aimed to evaluate different soybean cultivars’ agronomic and physiological performance as a function of compaction in Rhodic Ferralsol under no-tillage (NT) with a clay loam texture in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. The experiment was implemented in Rio Verde, Goias state, central Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with a 3x2 factorial scheme with six replications. The first factor corresponded to three soybean cultivars from different maturity groups (MG) identified as super-early (MG = 6.2); early (MG = 6.8), and medium (MG = 7.9). The second factor was the cultivation in compacted and uncompacted soil. The experiment evaluated the soil physical properties: bulk density, total porosity, water content at matric potential -6 kPa, aeration capacity and water and air holding capacity in 0.0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m layers, agronomic and physiological traits (gas exchange). Soil compaction negatively affected the agronomic traits of soybean cultivars, with better performance of the medium cycle cultivar. Net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates were reduced up to 50% under compaction and were not influenced by cultivars. Our findings suggest that soil compaction negatively affected the performance of soybean cultivars with lower maturity groups reflecting in lower plant height, shoot and root dry mass, number of pods and grain yield. The choice of soybean cultivars with a longer cycle can be an alternative to minimize the adverse effects of soil compaction.